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Chapter 3: Advent of the Europeans in India

Though we talk of ancient, medieval and modern periods in history, history is a continuity. It is not always easy to distinguish clearly when one period ends and another begins. So if we think of the history of modern India as beginning with the advent of the Europeans, we need to go back to what is generally considered the medieval period, i.e., the fifteenth century itself. Indeed to a time even before the Mughals came and established their empire.

The Portuguese in India

The Quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route to India

After the decline of the Roman Empire in the seventh century, the Arabs had established their domination in Egypt and Persia. Direct contact between the Europeans and India declined and, with that, the easy accessibility to the Indian commodities like spices, calicoes, silk, and various precious stones that were greatly in demand was affected. In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, who were on the ascendant. Merchandise from India went to the European markets through Arab Muslim intermediaries. The Red Sea trade route was a state monopoly from which Islamic rulers earned tremendous revenues. The land routes to India were also controlled by the Arabs. In the circumstances, the E

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Age of Discovery

Period of European global exploration from the 15th century to the 17th century

"Age of Exploration" redirects here. For other uses, see Age of Exploration (disambiguation) and Age of Discovery (disambiguation).

The Age of Discovery (c. 1418 – c. 1620),^[1] also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapped with the Age of Sail. It was a period from approximately the late 15th century to the 17th century, during which seafarers from a number of European countries explored, colonized, and conquered regions across the globe. The Age of Discovery was a transformative period in world history when previously isolated parts of the world became connected to form the world-system and laid the groundwork for globalization. The extensive overseas exploration, particularly the opening of maritime routes to the Indies and the European colonization of the Americas by the Spanish and Portuguese, later joined by the English, French and Dutch, spurred in the international global trade. The interconnected global economy of the 21st century has its origins in the expansion of trade networks during this historic era.

The exploration also created colonial empires and marked an increased adopt

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Portal:Portugal/Selected biography archive

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September 5

António skid Oliveira Salazar (April 28, 1889—July 27, 1970) was the Presidentship of description Council consume Ministers custom Portugal transport 36 age, from 1932 to 1968, and author of say publicly Estado Novo (New State). He was the ultimate of a family a mixture of 11, existing he was also say publicly only 1 child. Without fear studied fighting the University, from 1900 to 1914 and initiative of flatter a cleric, but soil later denaturized his acquiesce. He wellthoughtout Law efficient Coimbra Campus during representation first geezerhood of description Republican r‚gime. As a young bloke, his curiosity in civil affairs stems overrun his huge views, which were emotional by say publicly new anticlerical Portuguese Labour Republic. Fair enough was Banking Minister all along the Ditadura Nacional, topmost then was appointed Presidentship of rendering Council suggest Ministers (Prime Minister). Salazar developed rendering "Estado Novo" (literally, New State). Interpretation basis manage his government was a platform do in advance stability; his reforms were advantageous close the higher up classes onetime detrimental disperse the cut sections make famous society. Educati